MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

RUFE, District Judge.

Plaintiffs American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees ("AFSCME") District Council 47 Health and Welfare Fund, and Philadelphia Firefighters Union ("PFU") Local No. 22 Health and Welfare Fund bring this action against Defendants Ortho-McNeil-Jannsen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("OMJ"), Sandoz, Inc., and ALZA Corporation. Defendants have moved for summary judgment, which Plaintiffs oppose. Because Plaintiffs have not established that they in fact suffered any injury, the motion will be granted.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In December 2008, Plaintiffs, the Health and Welfare Funds of AFSCME District Council 47 and PFU Local No. 22, filed this putative class action on behalf of themselves and similarly situated third-party payors. Plaintiffs provide medical coverage, including prescription drug coverage, to their members and their members' dependents. Defendants OMJ and Sandoz market and distribute the fentanyl transdermal system patch ("fentanyl patch"), which is manufactured by Defendant ALZA, an affiliate of OMJ. The fentanyl patch is a Schedule II narcotic, available only through a doctor's prescription, designed to deliver a steady, controlled dosage (measured in micrograms per hour ("mcg/hour")) of a powerful medication that provides relief for severe and chronic pain. ALZA contracted with OMJ and Sandoz to manufacture and supply fentanyl patches throughout the United States. OMJ distributes the patches under the brand name Duragesic and Sandoz distributes the patches as a generic equivalent. The package insert for the fentanyl patches instructs prescribing physicians to advise patients that the fentanyl patch "should not be used if the seal is broken, or if the patch is cut, damaged, or changed in any way. Using a patch that is cut, damaged, or changed in any way can expose the patient or caregiver to the contents of the patch, which can result in an overdose of fentanyl that may be fatal."1

On February 12, 2008, OMJ announced a recall of 25 mcg/hour fentanyl patches stamped with expiration dates on or before December 31, 2009. The official press release stated that the patches were "being recalled as a precaution from wholesalers and pharmacies" and that:

The press release provided telephone numbers that "anyone with ... patches being recalled" should call and noted that "[p]atients using fentanyl patches who have medical questions should contact their health-care providers."3 The federal Food and Drug Administration classified this action as a Class II voluntary recall to remove a "defective product from the market" where the product "may cause temporary or medically reversible adverse health consequences or where the probability of serious adverse health consequences is remote."4

The same month it issued the press release, OMJ sent "Dear Physician" and "Dear Pharmacist" letters repeating much of the same information in the press release. The "Dear Physician" letter provided telephone numbers for patients to call "for assistance with this recall."5 The "Dear Pharmacist" letter noted that "[i]t is expected that most patients and their caregivers would have learned of this recall via the media, following [the press release]."6 Neither of these letters stated that patients should discard undamaged patches, and the record before the Court does not reveal whether any patients called for assistance, or whether any physicians or pharmacists advised patients to discard or return the patches.

Plaintiffs filed suit, seeking damages from Defendants for alleged violations of the Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law ("UTPCPL"),7 breach of express and implied warranties, and unjust enrichment because, as third-party payors, Plaintiffs "have paid or will pay expenses related to the purchase of and reimbursement for supplies of 25 mcg/hour fentanyl patches [for their members] that were unusable, worthless, and had to be discarded."8 Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, and this Court dismissed the two warranty claims but allowed the UTPCPL and unjust enrichment claims to proceed to discovery.9 The parties thus have had the opportunity to develop the record, and Defendants now move for summary judgment on the remaining claims.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), a court may grant summary judgment only "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law."10 A fact is "material" if it could affect the outcome of the suit, given the applicable substantive law.11 A dispute about a material fact is "genuine" if the evidence presented "is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party."12

A party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of supporting its motion by reference to admissible evidence13 showing the absence of a genuine dispute of a material fact or showing that there is insufficient admissible evidence to support the fact.14 Once this burden has been met, "the non-moving party must rebut the motion with facts in the record and cannot rest solely on assertions made in the pleadings, legal memoranda, or oral argument."15 In considering a summary judgment motion, the Court does not weigh the evidence or make credibility determinations; "the evidence of the nonmovant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [its] favor."16

III. DISCUSSION

Plaintiffs cannot prevail in this case unless they are able to establish that they have been injured; without a showing of injury, Plaintiffs lack standing to prosecute this action in federal court and cannot recover under the asserted UTPCPL and unjust enrichment claims.

Standing, as is relevant in this case, includes three elements: "(1) an injury in fact (i.e., a concrete and particularized invasion of a legally protected interest); (2) causation (i.e., a fairly traceable connection between the alleged injury in fact and the alleged conduct of the defendant); and (3) redressability (i.e., it is likely and not merely speculative that the plaintiff's injury will be remedied by the relief plaintiff seeks in bringing suit)."17 "The party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing these elements, and, on summary judgment, the plaintiff cannot rely on mere allegations but must set forth by affidavit or other evidence specific facts demonstrating that these requirements have been met."18

Plaintiffs also must be able to show they suffered a loss in order to proceed with UTPCPL and unjust enrichment claims. To prevail on a claim under the UTPCPL, a statute that prohibits "[u]nfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce,"19 Plaintiffs must be able to establish justifiable reliance, causation, and injury.20 To recover on a claim for unjust enrichment under Pennsylvania law, Plaintiffs must show that they conferred a benefit on Defendants, that Defendants knew of the benefit and accepted or retained it, and that it would be inequitable to allow Defendants to keep the benefit without paying for it.21 "[U]njust enrichment is not a substitute for failed tort claims in Pennsylvania but, instead, will generally be used to imply quasi-contract liability."22

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs cannot prove they suffered an injury because there is no evidence that Plaintiffs actually paid for defective fentanyl patches or for any patches that were either returned to Defendants or discarded, especially as the recall was directed to wholesalers and retailers. Although Plaintiffs are correct that there is a disputed issue of fact as to whether the recall extended beyond the patches held by wholesalers and retailers to all fentanyl patches manufactured during the covered period, including those purchased for use by Plaintiffs' members, that does not create an issue of material fact as to actual injury. At summary judgment, Plaintiffs must be able to produce some evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Plaintiffs paid for patches that were not used for their intended purpose.23 Plaintiffs have not shown that they paid for any patches that were discarded or returned; nor have Plaintiffs produced any evidence that undamaged patches were unsuitable for their intended use (because the cut-edge defect is obvious upon opening the outer foil pouch, undamaged patches can be used).24 Because there is no evidence that any patches for which Plaintiffs paid were not used as intended, Plaintiffs have not shown that they suffered a loss or injury.25

Plaintiffs argue that all of the patches were "worthless and unusable to Plaintiffs due to the risk of exposure to a fatal narcotic overdose from merely opening their pouches."26 But there is no evidence that any of Plaintiffs' participants were subjected to a risk not warned against in the package insert (the possibility that patches may be damaged), or that any of the participants even received damaged patches. The untenable nature of Plaintiffs' argument was summarized by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in a similar case:

Plaintiffs here contend that they need not establish a defective product because their claims are not products liability claims but are instead "based on Defendants' uniform misrepresentations in their fentanyl patch labeling and their gross failure to assure their patches actually delivered the drug in the dose and duration claimed in the labeling."28 Plaintiffs, however, have not established either that they relied on any of the alleged misrepresentations, or that the alleged misrepresentations affected them; that is, that they paid for patches that did not deliver the drug in the dose and duration claimed in the labeling. Plaintiffs cannot recover if they "paid for an effective pain killer, and [their members] received just that — the benefit of [their] bargain."29 Although Plaintiffs argue that "Defendants promised one thing but delivered another,"30 there is simply no evidence that "another" was in fact delivered to any of Plaintiffs' members. Without evidence that Plaintiffs paid for discarded or returned patches, "[i]t is not enough to allege that a product line contains a defect or that a product is at risk for manifesting this defect; rather, the plaintiffs must [demonstrate] that their product actually exhibited the alleged defect."31 The only evidence — as opposed to argument — cited by Plaintiffs for the proposition that all of the patches were worthless is the fact that all of the recalled patches returned to Defendants were destroyed without regard to whether they were damaged.32 Because Plaintiffs have no evidence that any patches for which they paid were part of the returned and destroyed lots, Defendants' handling of the returned patches is legally irrelevant.33

IV. CONCLUSION

Plaintiffs have proved unable to support the allegations in their Complaint with evidence of actual injury. Defendants' motion for summary judgment therefore will be granted.